Breast Cancer Cancer And Cancer - 912 Words

Roughly one in eight women in the United States will develop an invasive breast cancer in their lifetime. In 2016, a projected 246,660 new cases of invasive breast cancer are estimated to be detected, along with an additional 61,000 new cases of non-invasive breast cancer. There are greater than 2.8 million women with a diagnosis of breast cancer in the United States, including women presently being treated and women who have completed treatment. Research developments over the past twenty years have ultimately altered the prognosis of breast cancer care. In recent years, there has been an eruption of life-saving advances against breast cancer. Death rates have declined approximately thirty-six percent, believed to be the product of treatment advancement and earlier detection. This paper is intended for those breast cancer patients who are considering breast-conservation surgery, also known as lumpectomy, followed by intracavitary radiation brachytherapy. Patients must be at le ast forty years old, with a single primary tumor less than three centimeters, negative surgical margins by at least two millimeters, and be without lymph nodal involvement, to be considered candidates for this form of treatment. Radiation therapy is a highly precise and effective way to extinguish minuscule cancer cells that may have been neglected or undetected during surgery. Radiation is often delivered after breast-conserving surgery to reduce the risk that the cancer will recur in theShow MoreRelatedBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer is a carcinoma that develops due to malignant cells in the breast tissue. Cancerous cells are more likely to produce in the milk-producing ducts and the glands, ductal carcinoma, but in rare cases, breast cancer can develop in the stromal, fatty, tissues or surrounding lymph nodes, especially in the underarm (Breast Cancer). For women, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the 2nd lea ding cause of cancer death – behind skin cancer. While treatment or surgeries canRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1346 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational symbol for breast cancer support and awareness. Breast cancer knows neither racial boundaries nor age restrictions. Females of all ages and ethnicities can develop breast cancer and it is the leading most common cancer among women. Calling attention to this often fatal disease is important by supporting its victims, families and friends of victims, as well as raising funds for breast cancer research. Though males are not immune from developing a breast cancer, for the purposes of thisRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pagesacknowledge the health beings of a women is quite scary knowing that in about 1 in 8 women in the U.S will develop breast cancer. By this year of 2016 going into 2017 there will approximately be 246,660 cases found. The 20th century is described to be the c ancer century. One main cancer I wanted to talk about that has my full attention was breast cancer. The important ways of looking at breast cancer as a tremendous problem is because we are losing our women to this disease. Categorizing the main issues toRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer946 Words   |  4 PagesSkylar Steinman Period 6 Ms. Jobsz 12 February , 2016 Breast Cancer It is commonly known that Breast Cancer is one of the most insidious diseases that mankind has had to deal with. With the discovery of the BRCA1( BReast Cancer gene one) and BRCA2 (BReast Cancer gene two) genes, breast cancer can be detected with a great amount of certainty on a genetic level in some women and men. 40,000 women and men die of breast cancer each year. Knowing this it is very important to try to detect the mutationRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer981 Words   |  4 PagesThe Grand Rounds Research Project: Breast Cancer To hear you have breast cancer can be a very shocking thing. â€Å"Besides skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed among women in America as of 2015† (breastcancer,2015). First step is to know what you are dealing with when your doctor believes you have cancer, you will want to know what cancer is and how your doctor can detect it. Next your doctor will go over different stages of breast cancer that will help come to a conclusionRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1530 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Cancer† is the name for a group of diseases that start in the body at the cellular level. Even though there are many different kinds of cancer, they all begin with abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These abnormal cells lump together to form a mass of tissue or â€Å"malignant tumor†. Malignant means that it can spread to other parts of the body or Metastasize . If the breast is the origin al location of the cancer growth or malignant tumor, the tumorRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1714 Words   |  7 PagesBreast Cancer The twentieth century has often been called and known as the cancer century. The reason being is that throughout the century, there have been more than a hundred types of cancer discovered across the world. In addition to the discovery of these many cancers, there has been an enormous medical effort to fight all kinds of cancer across the world. In the early decades of the century, cancer was considered to be a fatal disease, resulting in a high number of deaths. Although manyRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pages Internationally, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer related death amongst women. (CITE) Each year an estimated 1.7 million new cases are diagnosed worldwide, and more than 500,000 women will die of the disease. (CITE) According to (CITE), somewhere in the world one woman is diagnosed with breast cancer every 19 seconds and more than three women die of breast cancer every five minutes worldwide. (CITE) Breast cancer is a heterogeneous condition thatRead MoreBreast Cancer : The Cancer Essay1722 Words   |  7 Pagesacknowledge the health beings of a women is quite scary knowing that in about 1 in 8 women in the U.S will develop breast cancer. By this year of 2016 going into 2017 there will approximately be 246,660 cases found. The 20th century is described to be the cancer century. One main cancer I wanted to talk about that has my full attention was breast cancer. The important ways of looking at breast cancer as a tremendous problem is because we are losing our women to this disease. Categorizing the main issues toRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1372 Words   |  6 PagesBreast Cancer Disease Overview Breast cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the breast become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor. Breast cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. (Only skin cancer is more common.) About one in eight women in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer in her lifetime. Researchers estimate that more than 230,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in U.S. women in 2015. Cancers occur when a

Everyone must take responsibility - 800 Words

Everyone must take responsibility The American education system is heavily under pressure. The Globalisation has changed the American society dramatically. Throughout the last decades many, especially low-skilled jobs, have been outsourced to foreign countries. Many low-skilled American workers are simply no longer able to compete with the cheap labour in foreign countries such as China or Bangladesh. As a consequence of the increasing globalisation, the American society has throughout the last decades increasingly focused on education. Even though the American politicians and the society as a whole are aware of the importance of education, the American education system is facing a lot of challenges. For example are many young people,†¦show more content†¦In extension to this should the American youth also start to realize that education is not just about sitting in a school and listen to teachers. Education can be so much more. Additionally should they also be told that academic and more practical jobs are equally important for the society. Even though the American youth first of all should acquire skills for their own sake, are they nevertheless to a great extent responsible for the future of the US. On the other hand should it always be clear that the whole thing about education and requiring skills not just is about maintaining the position of the US as an economic superpower. The American society doesn’t need economic growth and a better-educated youth just for the sake of it. It needs a well-educated youth because the skills and knowledge they acquire in the lessons might help to cure deadly diseases such as AIDS or Cancer. In Addition could critical thinking acquired by education in the long run probably help to fight social challenges such as poverty, crime or homelessness. When it comes to economic growth is it not just to make certain people rich. That’s not a problem at all, as long as everyone is better of, jobs are being created, and the society is able to take care of them who are in need. On the other hand shall the American youth not lift the burden alone. Parents, teachers, government, businesses and the young people themselves have to cooperate. Parents must motivate theirShow MoreRelatedAccountability Is The Assignment Of Responsibility For Conducting Activities970 Words   |  4 Pagesaccountability in education? According to education.com, â€Å"Accountability is the assignment of responsibility for conducting activities in a certain way or producing specific results† (Thurlow, 2009). Accountability is a word heard every day within the school system. Everyone that has anything to do with education has to be accountable for the results of what is happening in our system. Responsibility should be shared; however, in education that is not always true. Every profession is responsibleRead MoreEssay about My Definition of Freedom662 Words   |  3 Pagesmeaning to each individual thus making it hard to find a clear concise definition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When referring to freedom these words are often associated with freedom: Liberty, independence, sovereignty, autonomy, privilege, immunity, and indulgence. Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and justice. Independence is granted by freedom in the sense that an outside party does not control you. To gratify ones desires by whichever ways they choose is freedom through indulgence. Privileges are g rantedRead MorePersonal Responsibilty1207 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Responsibility Thesis Statement: College is a huge commitment and it takes a tremendous drive for excellence and to be extremely personal responsible in order to complete assignments on time. Attention to detail in class is also very important for success. The long hours reading and writing papers will prove to be worth it in the long run if we all continue to keep focused on the end results. Outline: 1. Definition of personal responsibility and what it means toRead MoreResponsibility1421 Words   |  6 PagesResponsibility, It Is Personal Gen/200 July 1, 2013 Lisa Hailey Responsibility, It Is Personal The term Personal responsibility can be defined in many ways, yet there is no one definite definition. To be personally responsible, one would first have to have the ability to be accountable for ones actions. Everyone is raised in their own unique atmosphere, and the levels of responsibility introduced during that upbringing will vary largely. For some people, the concept of personal responsibilityRead MoreDefinition Essay Responsibility840 Words   |  4 PagesResponsibility Page 1 What is the meaning of Responsibility? Definition Essay Karen Bannan Writing 101 Professor Leone January 30, 2011 Responsibility Page 2 The ultimate word in life is â€Å"responsibility†. What is responsibility you ask? Responsibility is â€Å"doing the right thing†. Doing the right thing means living a life where every move or decision you make is all your own and you do things that will not harm others. It is a moral belief that as individuals we must behaveRead MoreWe will never have true civilization until we have learned to recognize the rights of others-Will1100 Words   |  5 PagesStates of America we fulfill our responsibilities. Not only that, the government protects has provided and given us rights as citizens so that our country has a voice. Both of these help a government function properly because with these rights we have a voice in what is going on and with these responsibilities we have a role to contribute to our society. That has come to my acknowledgement that in order for America the great to prosper as a nation and a democracy, we must make use of certain rights andRead MoreAnaly sis Of On Liberty 1195 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent liberties or responsibilities that makes someone a responsible self. There is no real definition of what could be considered a responsible self but all the duties one has is what composes this person into what Mill believes one should be. These responsibilities are first to oneself, to others, and finally to society as a whole. The responsibilities to oneself are vast and many depending on what the individual wants to consider as responsibilities. The person must be in tune with all thatRead MoreEssay on Online Education vs. Traditional Education1083 Words   |  5 Pagesonline students have responsibilities other than attending school. Usually this is why the decision to attend school online is made. The online student must be able to balance school, work, and a family. Attending school at a traditional school is not as flexible as the time schedule is set in place and the student must arrange their schedule around school, work, and family. Online education allows more flexibility in the online class schedule. However, proper management must be maintained in orderRead MorePatient Safety Is Vital For The Practice Of Medicine979 Words   |  4 Pageshave the code of ethics at heart to perform an error-free lab test on a patient. Shortcuts may look easy, but the result poses damage to the patient. The moment you made up your mind to be a laboratory practitioner was the when you decided to take responsibility of caring and ensured error-free for your patient. A laboratory safe practice impacts the safety of a patient, his/her whole life, and the performance of other practitioners in the treatment chain. A wrong interpretation of laboratory resultRead MoreImproving Health and Safety in the Victorian Workplace with Workplace Health and Safety Act641 Words   |  3 PagesHealth and Safety Act was made to basically to improve health and safety in Victoria. It is like a guideline that helps to ensure health and safety of the people in the workplace. The Act provides statements of goals that relates to the roles and responsibilities of every workplace. It includes very important information of the key principles, duties and rights of any anyone conducting a business or undertaking. There are also Regulations that are made under the Act which identifies the duties procedures

SAP APPEAL Free Essays

My attention and time were constantly strained by all of the extensive materials required by the courts in this case. Moreover the date of my trial was changed several times dragging through this past summer and all of this is behind me now. Am looking forward to starting college again and experiencing some positive growth in my life and career, ND to also set a good example for my daughter as I am a single parent trying to make a difference. We will write a custom essay sample on SAP APPEAL or any similar topic only for you Order Now My desired outcome of my financial aid appeal is to be approved which means to have another chance at finishing college because if don’t get this chance again I know for a fact that I will never finish college, as work a minimum wage job and have a child to take care of, and I want to better our life. I understand will be put on financial aid probation. I feel very nonevent that I am able to continue my coursework and improve my academic progress. I intend to register and repeat the coursework in the classes that failed. I will also use the assignment planner to help me stay on track. Am enclosing a part of my divorce decree showing when we got separated and when moved out DCE 201 2 but we were having problems way before that, and my daughters surgery follow up appointment date. Appreciate you time, understanding, and consideration of this request. Thank you in advance. How to cite SAP APPEAL, Papers

Health Assessment for the Clinician- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHealth Assessment for the Clinician. Answer: A health assessment is a well-structured care plan which identifies the unique needs of any person. Furthermore, it outlines how the specified needs should be addressed by a skillful nursing facility or healthcare system. Therefore, health assessment typically is the detailed evaluation and examination of a persons health status. Conventionally, it involves conducting a physical examination prior to performing a health history. A health assessment is essential because it aids in detecting diseases during their early stages in individuals who seem to be well. Health history is an all-inclusive examination of all the factors that may be affecting the health status of a patient. Consequently, this includes important information concerning the economic, familial, cultural and social aspects of the person. In addition, other vital components relating to the life of the patient are also considered, for instance, aspects that affect well-being and health (Forbes and Watt, 2015). Heath history, therefore, is meant to gauge the effects of healthcare on specific individuals and to provide a basis for personalized plans to address wellness. On the contrary, clinical, medical or physical assessment is a process by which medical service providers utilize in investigating the bodies of patients for signs of diseases. Customarily, it entails performing a medical history to identify the symptoms previously experienced by a patient. Therefore, physical examination and medical history help in conducting the most accurate diagnosis. Moreover, the check-ups aid in devising appropriate treatment plans (Luctkar-Flude, Wilson-Keates and Larocque, 2012). Likewise, the data obtained is included in the patients medical record. Health history, the collection of a patients key health information, creates an important database useful during diagnosis. Subsequently, it provides a plan for the management of efficient diagnosis, care, treatment and follow-up activities. Contrariwise, although physical assessment aids in diagnosis, it is also fundamental in screening. In addition, a physical examination is imperative in creating effective patient-doctor relationships in comparison to health history which only utilizes past records (Rosen, 2015). Similarly, the interaction of patients and medical practitioners during check-ups boosts their relationship. Health assessment frameworks and models are utilized to accurately gauge the health of a patient. In the same token, they are a logical way of obtaining subjective and objective data to develop a blueprint of patient care (Powell et al, 2013). Healthcare professionals should be committed to observing patients objective and subjective data to identify any transformations in their health status. Additionally, this will help them to act upon the results found to achieve the finest possible outcomes when maintaining patients wellbeing. The Gordons framework is significant since it assists in providing a sequence of repetitive behavior from different aspects which are usually eleven. The aspects consist of nutritional-metabolic, sleep-rest, activity-exercise, elimination, management and health perception patterns. Others include role-relationship, belief, stress-tolerance, cognitive-perceptual, self-concept, and sexuality-reproductive patterns (Morgan et al, 2016). Furthermore, the wellbeing of patients is perceived to be influenced by developmental, spiritual, social, cultural and biological factors. The Gordons framework, therefore, helps in gathering sufficient information regarding the diverse patients to enhance comprehensive assessment of health. On the contrary, there is another framework similar to the Gordon one, for instance, the Dorothea Orem framework. The Orem framework is mainly associated with self-care issues. The self-care theory entails four concepts. One of the concepts is self-care which denotes the activities that a patient should perform without any assistance such as intake of water and food. Self-care agency is the other aspect that entails the ability of a patient to perform personal activities regardless of whether they need assistance (O'shaughnessy, 2014). Moreover, another concept is self-care requisites that refer to activities aimed at providing self-care. The last concept is the self-care demand which are acts needed to meet prevailing self-care requisites. Contrariwise, the Gordon framework is more appropriate because it determines the past health history of a patient in comparison to the Orem self-care framework that only focuses on daily activities that might put a persons health at risk. The logic model or framework is similar to the Gordon framework and is used in health assessment. Nonetheless, it is effective in addressing community health needs in comparison to personal patient needs. It is extensively used by public health organizations more so community-based agencies to examine the general well-being of a specific region. Typically, a logic framework helps health practitioners to improve the general health status of an area by making various assumptions that are related to its health history. Nevertheless, the Gordons model is more appropriate than the logic health model because it specifically focuses on individual patients in comparison to the logic one that aims at community health. Additionally, Orems self-care framework seems to be valuable to healthcare professionals. Nevertheless, Gordons framework is the most advantageous since its benefits outweigh weaknesses. Conventionally, this is the sole reason for its extensive utilization in most healthcare ins titutions. Typically, a health assessment is important. It helps in collecting comprehensive valid data concerning a patients health. The assessment is also useful in predicting the possibility of health risks. Consequently, the evaluation assists in coordinating care and evaluating the progress of patients (Warren et al, 2010). Health examination aids healthcare providers, for instance, nurses to avail care which is considerate of specific patient values, needs, and preferences. Likewise, they make sure patient values are the basis of all clinical verdicts. To achieve this successfully, when performing health assessments the nurses make legal, ethical and professional considerations (Ahmed and Haboubi, 2010). Subsequently, they are usually alert to ensure patients comfort hence inquire if patients consent to the procedures to be performed on them. In conclusion, Gordons framework is a brilliant way to create a good picture of the health of patients. It can be used to identify any health specialty. Moreover, the framework caters to the ever-changing and dynamic health. Contrary to other frameworks, it reveals patterns of both dysfunction and function. It uses eleven specific aspects to bring forth detailed information necessary to medical practitioners to enable them to discover emerging trends. In the same token, the categories offer a standardized and systematic methodology to data collection hence health professionals easily discover the diverse health aspects. References Ahmed, T., Haboubi, N. (2010). Assessment and management of nutrition in older people and its importance to health. Clinical interventions in aging, 5, 207. Forbes, H., Watt, E. (2015).Jarvis's Physical Examination and Health Assessment. Elsevier Health Sciences. Luctkar-Flude, M., Wilson-Keates, B., Larocque, M. (2012). Evaluating high-fidelity human simulators and standardized patients in an undergraduate nursing health assessment course.Nurse education today,32(4), 448-452. Morgan, R. L., Thayer, K. A., Bero, L., Bruce, N., Falck-Ytter, Y., Ghersi, D., ... Mustafa, R. A. (2016). GRADE: assessing the quality of evidence in environmental and occupational health.Environment international,92, 611-616. O'shaughnessy, M. (2014). Application of Dorothea Orem's theory of self-care to the elderly patient on peritoneal dialysis.Nephrology Nursing Journal,41(5), 495. Powell, K. P., Christianson, C. A., Hahn, S. E., Dave, G., Evans, L. R., Blanton, S. H., ... Hinrich, V. C. (2013). Collection of family health history for assessment of chronic disease risk in primary care.NC Med J,74(4), 279-286. Rosen, G. (2015).A history of public health. JHU Press. Warren, J. M., Ekelund, U., Besson, H., Mezzani, A., Geladas, N., Vanhees, L. (2010). Assessment of physical activitya review of methodologies with reference to epidemiological research: a report of the exercise physiology section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation.European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention Rehabilitation,17(2), 127-139.

Bent Pyramid Insight In Egyptian Architectural History

Bent Pyramid Insight In Egyptian Architectural History The Bent Pyramid in Dahshur, Egypt is unique among pyramids: instead of being a perfect pyramid shape, the slope changes about 2/3 of the way to the top. It is also one of five Old Kingdom Pyramids that retain their original form, 4,500 years after their construction. All of them- the Bent and Red Pyramids at Dahshur and the three Pyramids at Giza- were built within a single century. Out of all five, the Bent Pyramid is the best opportunity we have for understanding how architectural techniques of ancient Egypt were developed. Statistics The Bent Pyramid is located near Saqqara, and it was built during the reign of the Old Kingdom Egyptian pharaoh Snefru, sometimes transliterated from the hieroglyphs as Snofru or Sneferu. Snefru ruled Upper and Lower Egypt between 2680-2565 BCE or 2575-2551 BCE, depending on which chronology you use. The Bent Pyramid is 189 meters (620 feet) square at its base and 105 m (345 ft) tall. It has two distinct interior apartments designed and built independently and connected only by a narrow passageway. Entrances to these rooms are located on the north and west faces of the pyramid. It is unknown who was buried inside of the Bent Pyramid- their mummies were stolen in ancient times. Why is it Bent? The pyramid is called bent because of that steep change in slope. To be precise, the lower part of the pyramids outline is angled inward at 54 degrees, 31 minutes, and then at 49 m (165 ft) above the base, the slope abruptly flattens out to 43 degrees, 21 minutes, leaving a distinctively odd shape. Several theories about why the pyramid was made this way were prevalent in Egyptology until recently. They included the premature death of the pharaoh, requiring the speedy completion of the pyramid; or that noises coming from the interior clued the builders into the fact that the angle was not sustainable. To Bend or Not to Bend Archaeoastronomer Juan Antonio Belmonte and engineer Giulio Magli have argued that the Bent Pyramid was built at the same time as the Red Pyramid, a pair of monuments built to celebrate Snefru as the double-king: pharaoh of the Red Crown of the north and the White Crown of the South. Magli, in particular, has argued that the bend was an intentional element of the Bent Pyramids architecture, meant to establish an astronomical alignment appropriate to Snefrus sun cult. The most commonly held theory today is that a comparably sloped pyramid- Meidum, also thought to have been built by Snefru- collapsed while the Bent Pyramid was still under construction, and the architects adjusted their building techniques to make sure the Bent Pyramid would not do the same. A Technological Breakthrough Intentional or not, the Bent Pyramids odd appearance provides insight into the technical and architectural breakthrough it represents in Old Kingdom monument building. The dimensions and weight of the stone blocks are much greater than its predecessors, and the construction technique of the outer casings is quite different. Earlier pyramids were constructed with a central core with no functional distinctions between casing and external layer: the experimenting architects of the Bent Pyramid tried something different. Like the earlier Step Pyramid, the Bent pyramid has a central core with progressively smaller horizontal courses stacked on top of one another. To fill in the external steps and make a smooth-faced triangle, the architects needed to add casing blocks. The Meidum pyramids outer casings were formed by cutting sloped edges on horizontally placed blocks: but that pyramid failed, spectacularly, its outer casings falling off it in a catastrophic landslide as it neared completion. The Bent Pyramids casings were cut as rectangular blocks, but they were laid sloping inward at 17 degrees against the horizontal. That is technically more difficult, but it gives strength and solidity to the building, taking advantage of gravity pulling the mass inward and downward. This technology was invented during the construction: in the 1970s, Kurt Mendelssohn suggested that when Meidum collapsed, the core of the Bent Pyramid was already built to a height of about 50 m (165 ft), so instead of starting from scratch, the builders changed the way the outer casings were constructed. By the time Cheops pyramid at Giza was constructed a few decades later, those architects used improved, better-fitting and better-shaped limestone blocks as casings, permitting that steep and lovely 54-degree angle to survive. A Complex of Buildings In the 1950s, archaeologist  Ahmed Fakhry  discovered that the Bent Pyramid was surrounded by a complex of temples, residential structures and causeways, hidden beneath the shifting sands of the Dahshur plateau. Causeways and orthogonal roads connect the structures: some were built or added on to during the Middle Kingdom, but much of the complex is attributed to the reign of Snefru or his 5th dynasty successors. All later pyramids are also part of complexes, but the Bent Pyramids is one of the earliest examples. The Bent Pyramid complex includes a small upper temple or chapel to the east of the pyramid, a causeway and a valley temple. The Valley Temple is a rectangular 47.5x27.5 m (155.8x90 ft) stone building with an open courtyard and a gallery that probably held six statues of Snefru. Its stone walls are about 2 m (6.5 ft) thick. Residential and Administrative An extensive (34x25 m or 112x82 ft) mud brick structure with much thinner walls (.3-.4 m or 1-1.3 ft) was adjacent to the valley temple, and it was accompanied by round silos and square storage buildings. A garden with some palm trees stood nearby, and a mud-brick enclosure wall surrounded all of it. Based on archaeological remains, this set of buildings served a range of purposes, from domestic and residential to administrative and storage. A total of 42 clay sealing fragments naming fifth dynasty rulers was found in a midden east of the valley temple. South of the Bent pyramid is a smaller pyramid, 30 m (100 ft) high with an overall slope of about 44.5 degrees. The small inner chamber may have held another statue of Snefru, this one to hold the Ka, the symbolic vital spirit of the king. Arguably, the Red Pyramid could be part of the intended Bent Pyramid complex. Built roughly at the same time, the Red Pyramid is the same height, but faced with reddish limestone- scholars surmise that this is the pyramid where Snefru himself was buried, but of course, his mummy was looted long ago. Other features of the complex include a necropolis with Old Kingdom tombs and Middle Kingdom burials, located east of the Red Pyramid. Archaeology and History The primary archaeologist associated with excavations in the 19th century was William Henry Flinders Petrie; and in the 20th century, it was Ahmed Fakhry. Ongoing excavations are being conducted at Dahshur by the German Archaeological Institute at Cairo and the Free University of Berlin. Sources Aboulfotouh, Hossam M. K. Astronomical Algorithms of Egyptian Pyramids Slopes Adn Their Modules Divider. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 15.3 (2015): 225–35. Print.Alexanian, Nicole, and Felix Arnold. The Necropolis of Dahshur: Eleventh Excavation Report Spring 2014. Berlin: German Archaeological Institute and Free University of Berlin, 2014. Print.Alexanian, Nicole, et al. The Necropolis of Dahshur: Fifth Excavation Report Spring 2008. Berlin: German Archaeological Institute and Free University of Berlin, 2008. Print.Belmonte, Juan Antonio, and Giulio Magli. Astronomy, Architecture, and Symbolism: The Global Project of Sneferu at Dahshur. Journal for the History of Astronomy 46.2 (2015): 173–205. Print.MacKenzie, Kenneth J. D., et al. Were the Casing Stones of Senefrus Bent Pyramid in Dahshour Cast or Carved?: Multinuclear Nmr Evidence. Materials Letters 65.2 (2011): 350–52. Print.Magli, Giulio. The Giza ‘Written’ Landscape and the Double Project of King Khufu. Time and Mind 9.1 (2016): 57-74. Print. Mendelssohn, K. A Building Disaster at the Meidum Pyramid. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 59 (1973): 60–71. Print.Moeller, Nadine. The Archaeology of Urbanism in Ancient Egypt from the Predynastic Period to the End of the Middle Kingdom. New York: Camridge University Press, 2016. Print.Mà ¼ller-Rà ¶mer, Frank. A New Consideration of the Construction Methods of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 44 (2008): 113–40. Print.Reader, Colin. On Pyramid Causeways. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 90 (2004): 63–71. Print.Rossi, Corinna. Note on the Pyramidion Found at Dahshur. The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 85 (1999): 219–22. Print.

Free Essays on Shakespeare And Olds Poetry Comparison

The way in which people handle growing old can be very different. William Shakespeare and Sharon Olds, however, have very similar ideas of losing youth. In â€Å"Sonnet 73,† Shakespeare discusses what growing old means to him and ends with a plea to the person he wrote the poem to. â€Å"35/10† is a comparison poem of a daughter coming of age and a mother who is leaving that time behind. The metaphors and similes used in the imagery and careful word choice used by Shakespeare and Sharon add to the images and feel in their discussions of growing old. The exercise of metaphors and similes is vital to the full meanings of the poems because they are used to give the reader very strong images. Each author uses several to make their feelings of growing old more impacting. Sharon Olds uses them in the way that she compares her daughter’s youth to her lack of youth. The poem chronologically goes through the process of the mother realizing and understanding that while she loses her youth, her daughter gains it. The first image she uses is stated very well and gives the reader a good understanding of the poem right of the bat. â€Å"Why is it/ just as we begin to go/ they begin to arrive.† (line 4-6) Then Olds starts to compare the daughter to the mother. â€Å"The fold in my neck/ clarifying as the fine bones of her hips sharpen.† (line 6-8) This image is important because it signifies that the young girl is starting to grow into her womanly figure by developing more pronounced hips. The next image describe s the mother’s skin star! ting to go and the daughter’s skin starting to bloom â€Å"like a small/ pale flower on the tip of a cactus.† (line 9-10) The simile used here provides a very descriptive image, making it easier to picture how the daughter is blossoming into her youthful stage of womanhood. Then Olds continues to describe this through the next image. â€Å"As my last chances to bear a child/ are falling through my bod... Free Essays on Shakespeare And Olds Poetry Comparison Free Essays on Shakespeare And Olds Poetry Comparison The way in which people handle growing old can be very different. William Shakespeare and Sharon Olds, however, have very similar ideas of losing youth. In â€Å"Sonnet 73,† Shakespeare discusses what growing old means to him and ends with a plea to the person he wrote the poem to. â€Å"35/10† is a comparison poem of a daughter coming of age and a mother who is leaving that time behind. The metaphors and similes used in the imagery and careful word choice used by Shakespeare and Sharon add to the images and feel in their discussions of growing old. The exercise of metaphors and similes is vital to the full meanings of the poems because they are used to give the reader very strong images. Each author uses several to make their feelings of growing old more impacting. Sharon Olds uses them in the way that she compares her daughter’s youth to her lack of youth. The poem chronologically goes through the process of the mother realizing and understanding that while she loses her youth, her daughter gains it. The first image she uses is stated very well and gives the reader a good understanding of the poem right of the bat. â€Å"Why is it/ just as we begin to go/ they begin to arrive.† (line 4-6) Then Olds starts to compare the daughter to the mother. â€Å"The fold in my neck/ clarifying as the fine bones of her hips sharpen.† (line 6-8) This image is important because it signifies that the young girl is starting to grow into her womanly figure by developing more pronounced hips. The next image describe s the mother’s skin star! ting to go and the daughter’s skin starting to bloom â€Å"like a small/ pale flower on the tip of a cactus.† (line 9-10) The simile used here provides a very descriptive image, making it easier to picture how the daughter is blossoming into her youthful stage of womanhood. Then Olds continues to describe this through the next image. â€Å"As my last chances to bear a child/ are falling through my bod...

Why should I be selected for this scholarship Essay

Why should I be selected for this - Scholarship Essay Example I am a single parent with two children; the children require my emotional and financial support as well as the normal upbringing. Background is another significant for me. My parents do not have college education and I am the first one in the family to go to college. Am therefore basically coming from a background that has not known the importance of education and as such I have to struggle on my own as there is not even one person to guide me. I have personally interacted with people who have benefited from education and now know just what my goal is in pursuing professional studies. I will overcome the obstacles above by striking a balance between studies and caring for my two children. I will also not allow my background to destruct my focus on achieving professional qualification and in fact will use my education to serve as a role model to other members of the family. This scholarship will therefore go a long way in enabling me not only complete my studies but also contribute to the betterment of

Mainly Othello(Shakespeare) with comparison from Medea(Euripides)- Essay

Mainly Othello(Shakespeare) with comparison from Medea(Euripides)- Drama as Literature class - Essay Example speare in his play as we watch Lago and Roderigo complaining to Brabanzio that his daughter has been not only been stolen but also married to Othello. It is through his efforts that Brabanzio finally discovers that truly his daughter has been married to Othello, an act that is totally against his wishes for his daughter. Once more, Shakespeare is displaying how far characters in the play are attempting to go far in mixing issues of love with heroism in their respective lives. Brabanzio further gets officers to find Othello and bring him to his attention. Brabanzio is putting his efforts to using his fame and recognition in the society so as to report Othello to the Senate in connection with his missing daughter. It is for the very first time that the play allows the viewer to have love being handled single handedly without any connection to fame and heroism. The senate is not at all interested in judging the matter from the heroic point of view of Brabanzio but offers Othello some sympathy by allowing him a chance to clarify himself. It is at this point that Othello is given a very fair chance to explain himself before the Senate. It becomes very clear before everyone that Othello did not steal away Desdemona using witchcraft as the father has reported but used his heroic stories in the military to woo her into marriage. Desdemona also enters the room at this particular point and confirms that her loyalty is now totally to her husband and not her father. The Senate is surely convinced about this point of view that is being expressed by Othello (Shakespeare 11). It is although brought towards the attention of the viewer that Othello too used his military heroism to capture the love of Desdemona. At this point, it is for the very first time that love and heroism are being mixed and the product being a successful one. Othello has succeeded in pursuing his love by the use of the heroism that he has gotten from his military operations. Just as it was the case with

Personal ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Personal ethics - Essay Example Ethics is considered to be a set of standard rules that must be followed appropriately (Yahoo! Education Dictionary, 2009). In my personal opinion, ethics is the exercise of having the right behavior and doing the right thing at the proper time and the proper place. I regard ethics as the right behavior or attitude which must be displayed appropriately at the right time and right place because certain situations calls for various correct responses from the individuals concerned. Since it is important that everybody must known the set of standard rules which are required at any given setting; and should be able to adhere with said rules in order to establish better understanding and communication with people from a personal or professional level.Leadership entails many salient characteristics that a certain person must possess; being a good leader calls for having the ability to do what one sets out to do, together with the spirit to carry on until the planned task is accomplished (Gu tierrez et al, 2004). I regard this as the best meaning of leadership because a leader must be able to produce expected results by having the cooperation and loyalty of his or her followers. In gaining the cooperation and loyalty of others, the good and wise leader must possess the skill to direct and control the efforts of his or her followers. This will lead the entire team to move in one direction that will make collation of all necessary skills to produce positive outcomes. 3. Service Service pertains to being employed and having a certain load of duties or responsibilities to carry out daily with a particular company or organization (Yahoo! education Dictionary, 2009). This is the most suitable meaning of service to me, because generally speaking providing service means being employed or having been hired by a particular corporation or government entity. Hence, being employed involves the provision of service or work which is necessary for both the employee and employer to surv ive financially. Service contributes mainly to the income of the organization and the salary of the worker or employee. 4. Character The ideal definition of character in my opinion is the unique personal traits of a certain individual, which separates him or her from others. The characteristics of people vary because each and everyone have acquired different principles during their formative years. Environmental factors like school, friends and home affect the character or personality of people. Personality clashes often happen in any setting (like the office or workplace) due to character differences and various perceptions that people have. Pressing Ethical Issues Two of the most critical issues that majority of business organizations including their respective leaders face at present are whistle blowing and employee rights and duties. These two organizational concerns are often times met with skepticism and apprehension by top management and company personnel because they involve values that people adhere to; including the extent and limitations of company rules and regulations. Whistle Blowing Whistle blowing is the disclosure or revelation of any misconduct or law violations that usually occur within a given entity, private or government (Nadarejan, 2010). Whistle blowing in relation to the practice of democracy carries with it two vital features, which are: 1) the exposure of any legal wrong doings and misconducts; 2) necessitates â€Å"accountability of public bodies and private entities† (Nadarejan, 2010). It is important to understand that the general public needs to know if a breach of law or

A Critical Review Essay Politics Essay

A Critical Review Essay Politics Essay Arend dAngremond Lijphart born in Apeldoom, the Netherlands is a world renowned political scientist specializing in comparative politics, elections and voting systems, democratic institutions and ethnicity and politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions. The term is generally applied to behaviour within civil governments, but politics has been observed in all human group interactions, including corporation, academia, and religion institutions. He is currently Research Professor Emeritus of Political Science Political science is a social science concerned with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior.at the University of California, San Diego The University of California, San Diego is a public research university in San Diego, California, California. The schools campus contains 694 buildings and is located in the La Jolla, San Diego, California community.His work has focused on the broader contrasts between majoritarian and consensus democracies. The origin of this article under review was an invitation Lipjhart received to deliver at the Stein Rokkan Lecture, Joint Sessions of Workshops of the European Consortium for Political Research in Leiden on April 3rd, 1993 (Lipjhart 1994a). He uses this opportunity to present a report at that time on the latest phase of his work-in-progress a large-scale project, on which he has been working since the early 1980s, that attempts the systematic mapping of the worlds democracies in terms of their principal institutional characteristics. My purpose is to demonstrate if there is one best model of democracy while evaluating the approach Lipjhart has taken. Part of the argument has already been offered by Lipjhart (1994a), and this paper builds on his work. I will demonstrate his strengths while explaining the various forms of democratic methods proportional representation, consensus and majoritarian including implications of his weaknesses. Sartori (1968:273) adequately summarises the electoral system as the most specific manipulative instrument of politics. Democracies: Forms, Performance and Constitutional Engineering Lipjhart (1994a) argues that the choice between majoritarian electoral systems and proportional representation (PR) systems, there exists an exchange, as both are good forms of democracy but there is better minority representation in proportional representation systems and with the majoritarian system it leads to effective government. While Lijphart advocated consociationalism primarily for societies deeply divided along ethnic, religious, ideological, or other divisions, he sees consensus democracy as appropriate for any society. Lipjhart (1994a) strongly suggested that the government by the people or, democracy, as stated by Abraham Lincoln, is an ideal rather than a precise form of governmental procedures and goals. Lijpharts (1994a) article compares the two basic models of democracy: majoritarian or Westminster as used in the United Kingdom and New Zealand and consensus which is used in major Western European nations such as Switzerland. He goes on to state that each of these models use a different approach of an electoral model at how to best represent the citizens. In consequence one may ask, is it more democratic to delegate policy-making power to the majority only or is it better to include minorities, as well? (Lipjhart, 1994a:2) Lipjhart (1994a:2) defines the majoritarian model is characterized by a one party majority executive; an executive that predominates over the legislature; a two party system; a one dimensional party system (in which the two main parties differ primarily on socio-economic issues); a disproportional electoral system; and a pluralist interest group system. This maintains that majority rule comes closer to the democratic ideal than a government responsive to a minority. Furthermore, Lipjhart (1994a:2) states that the other type of electoral system, the consensus democracy has the opposite six characteristics: multiparty coalition executives; executive legislative balance; a multi party system; a multi-dimensional party system (in which the parties differ on issues in addition to socio-economic issues, for example, on religious, rural-urban and foreign policy issues); more or less proportional electoral outcomes; and a corporatists interest group system. He contends that majoritarian system when compared to the consensus form of government is a result of the more divided a country is, the more it is a plural society- the more consensual its form of democracy tends to be (Lipjhart 1994a:2) while countries with a British political colonial past adopted the majoritarian model. Lipjhart (2000:4) then extends his comparative analysis to plurality versus proportional representational systems. Here he analyses 13 advanced industrial democracies with parliamentary systems of government, contrasting four that use majoritarian election methods and nine that use proportional representational methods. He argued three main points: He then goes on to use the same performance variables comparing consensus versus majoritarian democracy where he concludes that Western European democracies with their consensus democracies have superior political representation while arguing that the majoritarian democracies are not performing better economically and that concentrating political power in the hands of a narrow majority can promote unified, decisive leadership and fast decision making (Lipjhart 1994a:11-12). Lipjharts findings are in a particular time period and he argues (1994a:12) the special advantage because of the 1990s are not only the decade of democratization but also the decade of renewed ethnic conflict, and because ethnic divisions are generally deeper and more severe in the democratizing world than in the world of established democracies. In the end his evidence points to consensus oriented political cultures are a strong counterforce to the majoritarian institutional conservatism and they provide fertile soil for the consensus model of democracy (Lipjhart 1994a:15). There are many good arguments that Lipjhart (1994a) makes using his methods of analysis and illustrated evidence. The first benefit of Lipjharts paper, Schmidt (1997) agrees with Lipjhart and what he addresses to be a truly significant topic of political science, comparative politics and that the article focuses the attention with a precisely stated and highly relevant research question Lipjhart (1994a:1) what can the new democracies of and democratizing countries of Eastern Europe, Latin America, Asia, and Africa learn from Western Europe?. Schmidt (1997) supports Lipjharts claims, which centres on the concentration of the relationship between constitutional structures and forms of democracy while Lipjhart measures political performance. Schmidt (1997:194) comments that this question is related to a recurrent topic in political science: which political system is more advanced than others in coping with social, economic and political problems and why? Lipjhart (1994a:1) answers this indispensible task in representative democracies is performed by the electoral system- the set of methods for translating the citizens votes into representatives seats. Thus the electoral system is the most fundamental element of representative democracy. Lipjhart (1994a:3) further states the conventional wisdom is that there is a trade off between consensus and majoritarian democracy where he goes on to comment consensus democracy provides more accurate representation and in particular, better minority representation and protection of minority interests while majority governments produced by majoritarian election methods are more decisive, and are more effective policy-makers. Similarly, Sartori (1997:8) states that the major factor establishing the proportionality or disproportionality of the proportional representation (PR) is the size of the constituency, where size is measured by the number of members that each district elects. So and regardless of the mathematical fine points, the larger the constituency, the greater the proportionality. Hence allowing for better representation. While Schmidt (2002:148) agrees however, the view that the English-speaking democracies (regardless of whether the Westminster model or the checks-and-balances model is concerned) are superior is no longer regarded as tenable. The second argument in favour of this (1994a) article, Schmidt (1997:195) applauds Lipjhart on the quality of the research design, the methodology and the empirical results. Schmidt (1997:195) argues in contrast to more traditional case-oriented theories of the ideal state, Lipjhart (1994a) addresses the research question within the framework of an empirical comparative analysis of 21 constitutional democracies. Moreover, the work builds on extensive research, such as his 1984 book, Democracies, not to mention numerous articles on related topics. In substantive terms, Lijphart demonstrates significant commonalities as well as differences between various democracies, such as those between consensus democracies and majoritarian democracy. The third merit of the article By Schmidt (1997:195) is due to the successful effort on the part of Lijphart to bring work on more formal institutions state structures and constitutional structures back into the investigation of public policy and policy outcomes. Following his own impressive research in comparative politics, Lijphart does this within the context of a comparative framework. Lijpharts article inspires other scholars in the field to follow more closely the avenue of a more fully integrated comparative analysis of the relationships between institutions and public policy choices. Finally, Schmidt (1997:195) states that the author derives relevant recommendations for purposes of constitutional engineering from his analysis. Pointing to the weaknesses and strengths of the various forms of democracies, the author has lessons to offer not only for constitution building in established democracies, but also for new political systems such as the new democracies in Central and Eastern Europe. This demonstrates in a particularly convincing manner that high quality political science can generate high quality policy advice. However, this discussion is not without flaws and by careful examination and review of perspectives which might have been neglected by Schmidt (1997) support for Lipjhart (1994a), the following will include theoretical perspectives ignored and exaggerated claims not fully supported by argument or evidence. As Geddes (1990:132) states the effort here is not to discredit arguments or belittle authors, who are, after all, working within accepted conventions-but to demonstrate the deficiencies of the conventions. Discussion First, Schmidt (2002:148) states majoritarian democracies were long regarded as more stable, fitter for survival even under adverse circumstances such as during the interwar period and World War II, and better at problem solving. That belief largely mirrored the survival of the English speaking democracies in the 1920s and 1930s as opposed to the breakdown of a wide variety of democratic states and the rise of Fascism in Italy and of National Socialism in Germany and Austria in this period. Questioning this statement, according to consociationalist empirical democratic theory, such as that put forward by Lijphart (1999) and Lehmbruch (1975), negotiation democracies are often of equal strength and sometimes stronger than their majoritarian counterparts. There is little evidence and inaccuracy to state one is better than other from the evidence that is put forward by Lipjhart (1994a). Infact Satori (1997:69) states the necessary condition for the successful working of a consociational democracy is an elite cooperation whose intent counters the disintegrative tendencies of their society; but this necessary and most crucial condition disappears in the definition of consensus democracy. Second, Sartori (1997:69) argues there is a false belief that proportional systems are inherently superior to majoritarian systems and therefore that they are always to be preferred. He (Satori 1997:73) also states that in the pure form of PR generally backfires; and in the extremist package recommended by Lipjhart its defects boomerang and PR may turn out to be the kiss of death. Sartori (1997:28) thus as a result states once an electoral arrangement is in place, its beneficiaries protect their vested interests and struggle to go on playing the game by the rules they know. Third, another unproven claim by Lipjharts (1994a) article about the two types of electoral systems, he does not go into detail on the discussion of Duvergers laws and is very uncritical of those laws. Maurice Duverger was the first author to address the effects of electoral systems. Duverger as stated by Sartori (1997:29) formulated two laws, the first one states that plurality (majoritarian) systems tend to party dualism while the second law asserts that PR tends to mutlipartism, i.e., that it has a multiplying effect. Saroti was setting up his evidence to show the weakness of Duvergers laws in relation to Lipjharts views in the (1994a) article under review. Sartori (1997:30) goes on to demonstrate that weakness by stating Duverger assumes that a causal relation can be deduced from a correlation; that is to say, he misses the difference between cause of and associated with' while in the second law, he states a causal generalization is verifiable if and only if, the cause and the effect are clearly specified, whereas the effect of Duvergers first law (party dualism) defies underpinning, and the effect of his second law (multipartism) also suffers from excessive imprecision. Sartori comments that Duvergers laws are not consistent and that he can be easily use his evidence to fit his purpose. Sartori (1997:31) states the bottom line is, then, that a law is required to declare more than a regularity and cannot consist of a mere generalization. Furthermore, since a law stands so long as it is not falsified, it must be formulated so as to permit empirical confirmation or refutation. Fourth, consensus democracies are not necessarily better at policy formulation and implementation. Schmidt (2002:150) argues they are also faced with certain problems such as challenges requiring swift response, the rapid development of political alternatives and rapid decision making tend to overburden the consensus democracies. And so, too, do challenges which require the capacity to design and implement significant policy changes. Due to the large number of participants in policy deliberation and decision making, consensus democracies usually need longer periods of time to reach a consensus or initiatives may even get stuck in a blocked decision-making process. Schmidt (2002:150) adds a further weakness of consensus democracies lies in the lower transparency of the process of deliberation and decision making as well as the indistinct accountabilities of the participants in the negotiations. These deficits often are overlooked in the comparison of political performance levels of majoritarian and consensus democracies. Sartori (1997:72) argues if you reward divisions and divisiveness (and this is precisely what proporz and veto power do), you increase and eventually heighten divisions and divisiveness. In the end, then, Lipharts machinery may well engender more consensus-breaking than consensus-making. Fifth, in contrast to majoritarian democracies there is incomplete arguments made, Lipjhart (1994:11) argues that consensus democracy with regard to minority representation and democratic quality is not surprising because consensus democracy may be said to be designed so as to achieve more accurate representation of interests and broad participation in decision-making. While Powell (2000:234) comments that concentrated power is valued by majoritarians for enabling elected governments to carry out their promises (mandates) and for giving voters clear information about responsibility for government actions (accountability). Unless public opinion is very homogenous, however, concentrating power in the hands of the government will be detrimental to the normative principle of giving proportional influence to agents of all the electorate, which is the process most valued by the alternative vision. Sixth, another factor against consensus democracy is that some perform better than others. Schmidt (2002:149) argues other blind spots also include the asymmetric availability of performance data, with less systematic coverage of democracies in economically less-advanced states as a major gap, as well as the tendency to overlook both the imperfections of all consensus democracies and the wide range of variation in policy performance among consensus democracies. Powell (2000:52) argues clarity of responsibility is greatest when a single, unified political party controls both the national legislature and chief executive. If control of these critical policy-making points is dispersed among various parties or among individuals not firmly connected by political parties, then it will be much harder for citizens to determine who should bear the responsibility for policy success or failure and to use their electoral resources effectively as instruments for reward or retribution. Seventh, another weakness of Lijphart, is that he uses different concepts of democracy. Van Schendelen (1981:8) states in his first book, he refers to the election process, in the second (Democracies of Plurality) to Dahls concept of polyarchy. Between the two there exist, of course, important differences: for Dahl elections are only one element of polyarchy among many. Van Schendelen (1981:8) further states in his first conceptualization Lijphart leaves open the possibilities that political parties fully control the recruitment of candidates for an election; that in the interelection period the relationships between electors and elected are almost non-existent or antagonistic; that elites opinions and behaviour are non-representative of the peoples demands; and that elite-politics is full of secrecy and immune to popular control. Eighth, while Lipjhart focuses on certain countries for his research, Barbara Geddes (1990:131) states that there is a problem with selecting cases for study when the dependent variable originates from the logic of explanation. She (1990:131) further states when one sets out to explain why countries A and B have, say, developed more rapidly than countries C through G, one is implicitly looking for some antecedent factors X through Z that countries A and B possess, but that countries C through G do not. Geddes (1990) argues that the crux of the difficulty that arises when cases are selected on the dependent variable is that if one studies only countries A and B, one can collect only half the information needed, namely what A and B have in common which is what Lipjhart (1994a) does. She (1990:131) goes on to state unless one also studies countries C through G (or a sample of them) to make sure they lack factors X through Z, one cannot know whether or not the factors identified are cruc ial antecedents of the outcome under investigation. Countries A and B may be the only countries that have X through Z, in which case the hypothesis seems plausible. But many other countries may also have them, in which case the hypothesis would seem dubious. Schmidt (2002:148) clearly states one result of comparative studies of the behaviour, output and outcome of democracies has been that simple generalizations do not fit. According to Lijphart (1994a), no significant difference exists between the two types of democracies with respect to macro-economic policy outcomes and law-and-order-management. However, when it comes to softer political issues, consensus democracy turns out to be the winner. As a group, consensus democracies, Lijphart (1994a) argues, they perform better than majoritarian democracies in the protection of minorities, voter turnout, income equality and ratings of democratic quality. Schmidt (2002:151) continues with his discussion stating this finding is undoubtedly preliminary, and future work will require more detailed analysis of the impact of alternative explanations and control variables. However, the major point in this context is that Lijphart (1994a) has asked the right questions, such as do forms of democracy make a difference to policy outputs and policy outcomes and, if so, to what extent? Moreover, Schmidt (2002:151) continues his discussion the research published from many academics thus far has already produced fresh evidence on the costs and benefits of governmental systems with different political arrangements and different forms of democracy in particular. In contrast to this, policy deliberation in a non-majoritarian democracy is frequently characterized by extended bargaining, time-consuming searches for compromises and circuitous attempts to develop a political consensus such features are not at all suitable to politics as a spectacle (Edelm an 1988). Finally, Schmidt (2002:151) says the higher level of transparency and accountability of majoritarian democracies also weighs in their favour. Political leaders in a majoritarian democracy are more exposed and accountable to the general public, while responsibility and accountability in non-majoritarian systems often tends to evaporate in the countless networks typical of a negotiation democracy. Satori (1997:72) adds consociational democracy is a cross-pressured system held together by countervailing, solidaristic elites bent upon neutralizing the centrifugal pulls of their societies; consensus democracy is, instead, a one way slope that leads to a self-reinforcing system of minority appetites. CONCLUSION The catalogue of collected criticisms raised against Lijpharts views demonstrates at least one thing: his views are widely and fundamentally contested. But it also demonstrates that Lijpharts views have been taken seriously and that they have at least provoked critical debate and analysis among scholars. This critical inquiry attests to the substance and importance of Lijpharts efforts. I agree with Sartori (1997) where he states Lijphart seems to be more concerned about the applicability or the engineering potential of his theory than about its political science validity. If, along the basic lines of his essential views, democratic stability could be realized in highly unstable countries, then the theory may be weak, but not wrong. In consequence, Edelman (1985:2) states in their obsession with the state, men are of course obsessed with themselves. If politics is as complicated and ambivalent as the men who create it, it is to be expected that its institutions and forms should take on strong meanings: meanings that men cue and teach each other to expect and that are vital for the acquiescence of the general public in the actions of elites and therefore for social harmony. I support Lipjharts consociational democracy as it presents us with a challenging and provocative point of view. But, at the present time, it provides less than is needed for solid prescriptions for deeply divided societies anxiously searching for stable democracy. Perhaps, after rigorous analysis and evaluation, it might lead us to answers for problems confronting such societies. Any answers it might provide would certainly be highly valued by those who seek a stable, democratic political system.

The Tet Offensive :: essays research papers

The Tet Offensive was a series of battles which took place during the Vietnam War. It was a major offensive by the North Vietnamese Army, and the Viet Cong, beginning on the night of January 30-31, of 1968, which was the Chinese New year. The objective of the 1968 Tet Offensive was to take the Nationalist and the US armies by surprise since North Vietnam's government proposed a ceasefire for the celebration of the Lunar New Year. There were three major battles of the offensive, which we discussed in class. The battle of Hue City was one of these major attacks. The city of Hue was attacked by ten NVA battalions and almost completely overrun. Thousands of civilians believed to be potentially hostile to Communist control, including government officials, religious figures, and expatriate residents, were executed in what became known as the Massacre at Hue. The city was not recaptured by the US and ARVN forces until the end of February. The US and ARVN lost 482 men and the NVA around 7,500. The second major battle of the offensive was the battle of Khe Sanh. The fighting began on January 29 as a number of Vietnamese units began their attacks prematurely. The rest of the NLF/NVA attacks began on the night of 30-31st. It was in Huế, the ancient capital, and Saigon that the NVA had significant success. The morale of the ARVN was being badly eroded. The third major battle of the Tet Offensive took place in and around the city of Saigon. Around five battalions of NLF had infiltrated the city. The headquarters of the ARVN was attacked by around 700 men and there was heavy fighting but only 110 American casualties. The Vietnamese casualties in this assault and other actions in Saigon were over 1,100 men but aided in their gained control of large parts of the city. Fighting lasted almost a week and some sections of the city were in ruins due to US airstrikes and artillery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  General Giap's plan was divided into three phases. In the first phase, the PAVN would launch attacks on the border regions of South Vietnam to draw American forces away from South Vietnamese cities. Giap knew this could be a risky move, but reasoned that it would be worth the cost. Phase two saw widespread attacks by the Viet Cong all over South Vietnam's cities, which would prod the civilians into full fledged revolt against the 'hated' Americans and the South Vietnamese government.

Introduction Fasam System

Requirements Document Purpose Introduction The primary goal of this document is to provide a complete and accurate list of requirements for a Fire and Security Alarm Monitoring System. Upon completion, the document will act as a binding contract between developers and users and will provide a common point of reference for system Document Conventions Although this document is intended as a set of Requirements, not a design, some technical information has been included with the requirements description. Intended AudienceThe primary audience of this document includes, but is not limited to, project leaders, the designers and developers of the system and the end user. (Reference 1) Background Team International is primarily a software developing company specialising in fire and security alarm monitoring system (‘FASAM’). Team International has been awarded the contract to supply and implement a FASAM for Everett & Co. The building in question is a new building, so there is n o previous FASAM system installed. The building in question consists of 2 floors, each floor consisting of 12 ffices. The building will be grouped in ZONES. Zones will consist of x-amount of offices. Below is an example of this. Keep in mind that this is not the actual zone layout representation but just an example to illustrate how the zones will work. [pic] Each zone shall be equipped with various sensors which will monitor for and detect certain threats. Each zone shall have security / fire doors installed which the FASAM will have control over in regards to locking and unlocking depending on the threat.Team International has decided, after gathering the requirements, that an automated system with a manual over-ride option, which will be connected to a central control room, will best suit the needs of Everett & Co. Product Scope Processes involved in the project scope The development of this system will include the gathering of the requirements, outline the architecture design us ing CORE modelling, creating a prototype based upon the proposed user interface and the requirements validation which will all help to contribute to the initial development of a FASAM for Everett & Co.Gathering of the requirements: The input for this shall come from interviews with the client. The knowledge gained from the input will help create the Requirements document. Outline the architecture: The input for this shall come from the requirements document. The knowledge gained from the document will contribute to help producing systems architecture and a systems model. Creating a prototype: The input for this shall come from the requirements document.The outcome of this will be a working prototype of the system. Requirements validation: The input for this section comes from the three previously mentioned stages. The outcome will be a produced validation document highlighting the pros and cons of each stage. Limits and constraints of the project scope Obviously with Team Internatio nal being primarily a software producing company, there is a lack of knowledge in regards to certain hardware elements.That is why this project will not cover the configuration of sensors due to the fact that when Team International purchases the sensors from the supplier, the suppliers implement the required configuration settings for the sensors. In regards to the sensors, all Team International does is install the sensors and connect them to the main user interface system. This process shall only cover the developing of a fire and security threat system.

Steps to Take to Get Into Law School

Steps to Take to Get Into Law School Getting into law school can feel like an overwhelming process, especially at the beginning. You might feel like youre looking at a mountain way too high to climb. But scaling a mountain begins with just one step, then another and another, and eventually, those steps take you to the top. Here are a few that will lead you to acceptance by a law school.   Difficulty: N/A Time Required: 4 years Heres How Go to college.All law schools require that entering students hold at least a bachelors degree. You should attend the best college you possible and achieve the highest grades possible. Your GPA will be one of the two most important factors in your application, but you dont have to major in prelaw.Choose your undergraduate major and courses  in areas in which you think youll excel. Lay out a  timeline for how you can best prepare for law school during your undergrad years.Take the LSAT.The second most important factor in your law school application is your LSAT score. If youre currently in college, the best times to take the LSAT are the summer after your junior year or the fall of your senior year. is the best time to take the LSAT. Take it the summer or fall before the fall during which you want to start law school if youve already graduated.Prepare well and be sure to read up on how schools handle multiple LSAT scores before you decide to retake the LSAT. You should also registe r with LSDAS at this time. Choose where youre going to apply.There are many factors you should consider when youre deciding where to apply to law school. Consider visiting schools that interest you and pay at least some attention to law school rankings.Write your personal statement.Your personal statement comes in third in importance behind your LSAT score and your GPA. Start by brainstorming with some writing prompts and get writing! Research some tips for writing a great personal statement, being sure to avoid certain topics and common mistakes.Finish your applications well in advance of the deadline.Make sure to ask for recommendations early enough that your referees have plenty of time to write outstanding letters. Also, write any additional statements you might need, such as a Why X Law School Statement and/or an addendum. Request transcripts and make sure everything the law schools want in your application files is in there well in advance of the deadline.After youve completed all the above steps in an orderly fashion, you can be confident that you have maximized your chances of getting into law school. Good luck! Tips Start preparing for applying to law schools as soon as youve decided to do so.Dont wait until the last minute to send in applications. Many schools have rolling admissions policies, which means they accept students throughout the admissions process.Have someone with a good eye for detail proofread your application packet, especially your personal statement.

Essay on Socialization

Essay on Socialization Essay on Socialization This is a free example essay on Socialization: Nature versus nurture: According to one side of the debate, individuals and social behavior are a product of heredity or nature. The others say that individual and social behavior are a product of experience and learning or nurture. Darwin pushed the nature viewpoint in his theory of evolution. â€Å"Humans are a product of natural processes†, he said. Evolutionary theorist used his theory to explain cross cultural differences and social inequalities. According to this, the dominant positions the Europeans occupied in the world was a result of natural selection – Asian, African and other people were regarded as biologically inferior. Within a group, people were believed to be rich and poor due to â€Å"survival of the fittest†. The concept of survival of the fittest was used to justify genocide. In the 20th century the pendulum swayed toward â€Å"nurture†. Pavlov experimented to show that dogs could be taught to salivate even at the sound of a bell, Skinner showed that pigeons could be taught ping-pong. The experiments were done through â€Å"reward† and â€Å"punishment†. These social scientists argued that human mind is equally malleable. It was believed that human mind is tabula rasa, upon which experience writes. Watson wrote: Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-informed, and my own specified world, to bring them up in, and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant chief and, yes, even beggar man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race.(1924). In other words, for behaviorists, socialization is everything. According to sociobiology, biological principles may be used to explain social activities of social animals including humans. According to sociobiology, human sexual behavior and courtship are based on inborn traits. They point out that in most animals, males are much larger and more aggressive and tend to dominate the â€Å"weaker† sex and that is the reason in all human societies, males tend to hold positions of greater authority. However, these issues have remained highly controversial and have been much debated about. Usually animals placed low on the evolutionary scale grow with little or no help from adults. Behavior of the â€Å"young† is more or less similar to the behavior of the â€Å"adults†. However, â€Å"higher† animals need to learn appropriate behavior. A human infant is most dependent of all. A child can not survive unaided for at least the first four to five years. Socialization is the process whereby people learn the attitudes, actions and values appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. Ways in which people learn to conform to their society’s norms, values and roles. People learn to behave according to the norms of their culture. For example in the U.S., people grow up to view wealth as desirable and to blame the poor for their condition. Socialization occurs through human interaction, family members, teachers, best friends and also the media and the Internet. Socialization helps us acquire a sense of personal identity and learn what people in the surrounding culture believe and how they expect one to behave. Socialization connects different generations to one another (Turnbull 1983). Birth of a child alters the lives of those who bring up the child. Thus learning and adjustment go on throughout the life cycle. The process of socialization Freud viewed socialization as a confrontation between the child and society. According to him there is constant struggle between the child driven by powerful, inborn sexual and aggressive urges and elders who try to impose on the child appropriate behavior. Other sociologists like Cooley and Herbert Mead view it as collaboration between the child and society. Freud’s theory has been largely criticized. Some have rejected the idea that infants have erotic wishes and that what happens during infancy and childhood has its impact throughout life and the feminists have criticized him for directing his theories too much toward male experience. Mead’s ideas focus on symbolic interactionism. This is the notion that interactions between humans take place though symbols and interpretations of meanings. According to Mead, young children develop as social beings by imitating the action of those around them. In their play, small children often imitate the adults. Mead called this, â€Å"taking the role of another† – learning what it is like to be in the shoes of another. At this stage they acquire a sense of self. Agents of Socialization In all cultures, the family is the main source of socialization. Later in life, other agencies come into play. In modern societies, children spend most of their early years within a domestic unit consisting of mother, father and maybe siblings. In many cultures, uncles, aunts and grandparents do the caretaking of infants. Another agency of socialization is peer group. This is a friendship group of children of a similar age (peer means equal). Peer relations are founded upon mutual consent and the relations are reasonable egalitarian. Schools are another agency of socialization. Alongside the formal curriculum there is also hidden curriculum. Children learn discipline. Mass media – newspapers, magazines, radio and TV have become important to our lives and hence important socializing agencies. Television violence leads to violence in some children but educational programs also teach children prosocial behaviors like sharing and getting along with others – Sesame Street, The Cosby show etc. Children are as susceptible to good TV messages as they are to bad ones. Work place involves learning to behave appropriately within a work environment. Socialization at work place represents the harsh reality and realization of an ambition. Sesame Street Workshop for children This is a TV workshop that brings certain messages to children and help bring about change in people’s attitudes. The messages help break stereotypes and bridge understanding between people. It teaches them to be respectful and tolerant of others. CapeTown version of Sesame street is called Takalani Sesame. It has introduced an HIV positive character who is talented but tires very fast. This is done to ensure that kids do not demonize people with AIDS, to destigmatize AIDS victims and to make them socially acceptable. In an episode, when the muppet is asked what she wishes for, she says, â€Å"I wish that my mom was alive, that people were kind and that people were healthy†. The Middle East version of Sesame Street is called Sesame Story. It emphasizes on peace education by connecting Palestinian and Israeli muppets. It narrates stories that humanize people around the world and enhances understanding between people. â€Å"Unsocialized† children (feral or â€Å"untamed† children) What would children be like if they were raised in the absence of adult humans. The story of â€Å"the wild boy of Aveyron† goes as follows – In early 1800, a strange creature emerged from the woods in southern France. He walked erect, but looked more animal than human. He spoke only strange sounding shrills. He had no sense of hygiene and relieved himself wherever he chose. He wore no clothes. He was brought to a police station and then taken to an orphanage. He refused to wear clothes, tore them off as soon as they were put on him and no parents came to claim him. After a thorough medical examination, no major physical abnormalities were found. Observation revealed that the boy was not completely without intelligence. Later he was toilet-trained and taught to wear clothes. He learned some human speech but made little progress and died around the age of 40 years. In another case, a Californian girl named Genie, born with a defective hip was kept locked by her psychotic father for twelve years. Her mother who was blind and highly dependent was also locked up in isolation. The only contact they had with outside world was through a teenage son who went to school and did grocery shopping. Genie was not toilet trained. She had never heard anyone talk, had no toys and was kept tied up by her father who also beat her frequently. When the girl was around 12 years of age, her mother escaped with her and placed her in a rehabilitation center. Here she was toilet-trained, she learned to eat, talk and walk etc. Her mastery of the language never progressed beyond that of a 3 – 4 year old. She was a case of a child who had been deprived of social learning. She was alive but not a social being. In both the cases of â€Å"feral† children, (raised without adults, and in isolation) by the time they came into contact with humans, children had grown beyond the age of learning language and other behaviors. This goes to show how limited our faculties would be in the absence of an extended period of early socialization. Even the most basic human traits depend upon socialization. Need for love All studies point to the undeniable need for nuturance in early childhood. Extreme isolation is related to profound retardation in acquisition of social and language skills. Cross-cultural variations Cross-cultural studies are also a good indication of the impact of socialization on human behavior. Margaret Mead (1935) conducted a classic study to find out whether women are nurturing by â€Å"nature† and men aggressive by â€Å"nature†? Her study in New Guinea showed that males proved as mild–mannered and nurturing as the females. Little boys treated infant girls like dolls. Men could not stand to hear a baby cry. Members of both sexes behaved in ways that we might call â€Å"feminine†. In another tribe she found that women were as hot-tempered, combative and uncaring as men were. Her work indicated that human behavior is largely learned. Resocialization Many adults and even adolescents experience the need to correct certain patterns of prior social learning that they and others find detrimental. Resocialization is a process whereby individuals undergo intense and deliberate socialization designed to change major beliefs and behaviors. Often aimed at changing behaviors like drinking, drug abuse, overeating etc. ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written essay on Socialization from our professional essay writing service.

Chapter 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 2 - Assignment Example It is against this backdrop that intellectual standpoints advanced at the end of 19th century, in the bid to bring about positive changes. Resultantly, this intellectual context birthed the First Reform Era which bequeathed the US history with abolitionism, Reconstruction, Civil and Women’s Rights Movements and farm movements. During the years (1901-1909) Theodore Roosevelt served as American president, he expanded the power and influence and power of the executive arm of the government, particularly, the presidency. Right from the time of the American Civil War, up to the beginning of the 20th century, the US Congress had been retaining the seat of power. However, starting from 1880s, the executive arm began to get increasingly powerful, so that later on, Roosevelt extended this development. Having insisted that the President had the right to use all political power, the Office of the President became the center of American politics, in lieu of political parties and the Congress. With this increased political power, Roosevelt helped fuel the expansion of the American Empire by challenging the ideas of limited government and waging a highly aggressive foreign policy. Being led by strong leaders such as Dorothea Dix and Elizabeth C. Stanton, women did midwife several important reforms during the Progressive Era. Women clamored for the passage of the 19th Amendment which prohibited the act of denying any US citizen, the power to vote, with this denial of votes being based on sex. It is these same women caucuses that redefined the functions of the federal government and widened the scope of the federal government’s roles, in light of health, working conditions, wages, education, sanitation and social welfare. The US Election of 1912 remains unique because it enabled Wilson to win by 42%, against Progressive candidates Taft, Roosevelt and Debs who totaled 58%, and thereby enabling Woodrow Wilson to

Religion in the Civil Rights Movement Research Paper

Religion in the Civil Rights Movement - Research Paper Example All these ill treatment and actions attributed to severe racism. The same time frame also witnessed the invasion of Northwestern Mexico and its eventual annexation. Even the Asians were brought in the United States as laborers, and afterwards subjected to exclusionary laws. These severe criminal conspiracies by the United States authorities on the basis of racism led to the formation and execution of civil rights movement . The emergence of the person, John Lewis, United States congressman, on a political scene played a vital role in the civil rights movement. His religious beliefs and practices had a significant effect on the execution of the civil rights movement in the United States. John Lewis was born in the outskirts of Troy on 21st February, 1940, Alabama, to a family of sharecroppers (the land owner permits the tenant to use his land in exchange of a share of the farmers’ net output). Lewis was born at a time when African Americans in the South were subjected to a humi liating segregation in education and all public facilities, and were effectively prevented from voting by systematic discrimination and intimidation. John Lewis was one of the most significantly influential people in the civil rights movement in the United States. He dedicated his life to the people of his society, and engaged himself in protecting their rights and ensuring their well being. Lewis’s contribution in protecting the security of the human rights of the people and upholding the civil liberties turned him as one of the most influential and early proponents of the same2. Since the early age, Lewis was engaged in educating himself, and procuring ways to ensure justice for his people. He was effectively influenced and inspired by the likes of Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. During the famous Montgomery Bus Boycott, he effectively participated and collaborated with Dr. King to join the struggle for civil rights. Lewis had to pursue his education in segregated public schools in Pike country, Alabama. He completed his graduation at the American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville, Tennessee. At Fisk University Lewis also pursued a Bachelor's in Religion and Philosophy. During his tenure as a student, Lewis systematically analyzed the philosophy and techniques of non-violence, along with his fellow classmates who also efficiently participated in the process. They used the segregated lunch corners to carry on their work. Due to their participation in the protest, Lewis and his classmates were targeted, harassed, even beaten, and, lastly, were put behind the bars. However, they still continued their progress in spite of all the hardships and genocide they had to undergo. During the year 1961, Lewis along with his classmates participated in the freedom rides, in which they challenged the isolation of interstate buses. In the process, Lewis and his fellow mates were brutally attacked and beaten by a flash mob in the Montgomery bus termin al. In spite of the brutality they faced, Lewis encouraged and practiced non-violence thoroughly. He was one of the esteemed founders of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and was also the president of the committee from 1963 to 1966. During his tenure as president of the committee, SNCC emerged as the face of the student movements for civil rights. Lewis was recognized among the prominent leaders of the civil rights movement, along with Dr. King Jr., Whitney Young, A.P. Randolph, James Farmer and